Statute that prohibited evading or avoiding economic sanctions on a foreign nation referred only to evading existing sanctions, not the attempt to avoid the imposition of subsequent sanctions.
Elements of bank fraud and bank fraud conspiracy would necessarily mean that existing sanctions were violated, so harmless error.
Sufficient evidence for prohibited use of US banks, since US dollars were desired, and court heard testimony that there was a high likelihood that the process would pass through a US entity at some point, something that the conspirators were likely well aware of.
Statute prohibiting fraud against the government goes beyond the common-law definition of fraud to encompass any impairment of government functions.
Statute does not trespass on executive conduct of foreign affairs, since DOJ is an executive agency, and they decide to prosecute.
If the refusal to allow a transcript and tape of jail telephone call in for impeachment after gov't witness' claim that he had not said that in America, people have to admit to things they haven't done in order to get free was error, it was harmless error, as the jury was aware that the witness was hoping to receive leniency for his cooperation.